# Class Notes Week 5

## Announcements

• Quiz 2 this Friday
• Study guide online
• Lab 4 out, due Saturday
• I'm out of town Tues-Thurs

## Week 5 Topics

• Function/stack recap
• While loop practice
• The list data type
• list operations
• Functions with lists

## Writing functions

Recall the general template for writing a function:

def NAME(PARAMETER1, PARAMETER2, ...):
"""
Purpose
Parameter description
Return value description (if any)
"""
#DO STUFF
return VALUE #optional

# Stack Diagrams

As a recap of last week, here is the general procedure for how a function is run when it is called:

1. Pause the execution of the current function.
2. Create a stack frame for the called function
• allocate (place) parameters inside frame
• allocate local variables for this function here
3. The value of each argument is copied to the corresponding parameter in order.
4. Execute called function step-by-step until the return
5. Send back the return value to calling function
6. Remove or pop the called function off stack
7. Continue executing calling function that is now back on top of stack

Some things to keep in mind as you draw your own stack diagrams:

• Function call stack is on left, values belong on the right
• The call stack always grows "up" when we call a function
• The call stack shrinks when a function returns or reaches the end of its body without a return.
• There is a separate box on the call stack for each function.
• Parameters point to the same value as the inputs in the calling function.
• The assignment operator changes the arrow.
• A function can only access/reference variable names in its own stack frame. These variables are said to be in the function's scope

### Exercise: Stack diagram

Now, try doing a stack diagram yourself. Show the stack diagram as it would appear at the point in the program noted below. In addition, show the output of the complete program. dir() is a function that prints the name of all variables that are in scope. It is only for diagnostic purposes.

### Stack Example 3

Try another example of stack drawing.

def absval(x,y):
if x > y:
aval = x-y
else:
aval = y-x

# draw stack to this point!
# as it would look just before return...

return aval

def main():
a = 10
b = 35
result = absval(a,b)

#What variables are in scope?
print(dir())

print("abs(%d-%d) = %d" % (a,b,result))

main()

## While loop practice

Write a program that uses a while loop to get a yes or no response from the user.

## Modifying Parameters

What is the result of modifying the parameter variable for a function? Do the results effect the arguments in the original calling function, or are all changes ignored? We will explore this question in more depth this week.

Take a look at oops_squareFunc.py, which squares the parameter values in a function. What do you think will happen at the end of this program? Test it out and then we will trace through the program to see what happened.

Immutable data types (float,str,int,bool) can never be modified; thus, any changes to the variable require reassigning it a new value. Reassignment breaks any sharing of values between the parameter and its original argument.

Mutable data types are different - they can be modified without reassignment. As an example, we will return to the list datatype and see its methods.

## Lists

Lists are a data type in Python that hold a collection of items. Lists are a type of sequence of items. As we will see, many of the methods we use on strings can also be used on lists, since both are sequences. There are two major differences between lists and strings: lists are a sequence of items where the items can be any of any type including (e.g., str, int, etc) while strings are strictly a sequence of characters. The second meaningful difference is that lists are mutable, meaning we can change the contents of the list (strings are immutable).

#### List operations

We can do similar things to lists as with strings:

• + concatenation
• * repetition
• len(lst) number of items in list
• lst[i] index into list to get ith item

An operation that is unique to lists is append(), which adds an item to the list (and thus changes its content)

lst = [0,10,20]
lst.append(30) # adds 30 to lst

We can also iterate over lists just as we did with strings:

for i in range(len(lst)):    # we can iterate over a list
print lst[i]

One thing we can do with lists that we can't do with strings is change a single element.

lst = [0,10,20]
lst[0] = 5 #legal. Changes first element of list
print(lst)

text = "hello"
text[0] = "j" #illegal. Strings are immutable

## Side effects with mutable parameters

Previously, we showed that reassigning the parameter variable had no effect on the original argument that was sent to the function. This is always the case with immutable data types as once they are created, they cannot be modified.

However, there are circumstances where parameters of mutable data type (e.g., list) can be modified in a function, and the result will have the side effect of also changing the argument variable, despite not returning anything. This can be a desired outcome, or it could be the source of an error in what we want our rogram to do. Using stack traces to understand this phenomena will help us understand why.

NOTE: in all circumstances, use of the assignment statement resets and connections variables may share (the arrow gets changed to a new location); this applies to lists as well.

### Exercise: list modification with side effects

In squareList.py, we will trace through the program and show that, despite not having a return value, our arguments are forever impacted by the call to the function.